SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the use of smartphones’ messaging apps as a stressor affecting the well-being of gynecologists who use this tool to communicate with patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with gynecologists who use message applications to communicate with patients. Participants answered the WhatsApp Stress Scale, Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, and the techno-stress questionnaire. The population sample consisted of gynecologists and obstetricians selected by convenience. RESULTS: Physicians who spent more time using WhatsApp to communicate with patients had higher levels of stress (p=0.010), Burnout (p<0.001), and techno-invasion score (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A positive association was found between the high frequency of WhatsApp usage for communication with patients and doctor's Burnout and stress, negatively influencing professional's well-being.

Abstract Background: Sarcopenia is a disease that involves skeletal muscle mass loss and is highly prevalent in the older adult population. Moreover, the incidence of sarcopenia is increased in patients with hypertension. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the association between the classes of the drugs used for arterial hypertension treatment and the presence or absence of sarcopenia. Methods: 129 older adults with hypertension were evaluated by the researchers who registered the participants medication for arterial hypertension treatment. Sarcopenia level was measured by anthropometric parameters, muscular strength, and functional capacity. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc test and Fisher’s exact test; statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results: Age was not different between women with different levels of sarcopenia, but significant differences were observed between men with absent sarcopenia (66.8±4.2 years) and men with probable sarcopenia (77.0±10.2 years). Individuals with absent sarcopenia showed higher handgrip strength (men: 33.8±7.4, women: 23.2±4.6 Kgf) in comparison with those with sarcopenia (men with probable sarcopenia: 9.5±3.3 Kgf, women with probable, confirmed, and severe sarcopenia: 11.7±2.5, 12.2±3.0, 11.8±1.8 Kgf, respectively). The analysis showed an association between the type of medication and degree of sarcopenia; diuretics were significantly associated with probable sarcopenia, and angiotensin II receptor blockers (alone or in combination with diuretics) was associated with absence of sarcopenia. Conclusion: In conclusion, handgrip strength was a good method to diagnose sarcopenia, and diuretics were associated with increased risk of sarcopenia in older adults with hypertension.

Resumo Objetivo Construção e validação do WhatsApp Stress Scale (WASS, na sigla em inglês), questionário desenvolvido para médicos que avalia como o uso do smartphones e aplicativos de comunicação afetam a qualidade de vida dos ginecologistas que usam estas ferramentas para comunicação com pacientes. Métodos O presente estudo transversal observacional analisou 60 ginecologistas de acordo como tempo de uso semanal doWhatsApp para comunicação compacientes e comparou os dados de percepção dos médicos do uso desta interação virtual como agente estressor. Os profissionais foram igualmente divididos em 3 grupos:<2 horas, de 2 a 5 horas e>5 horas. Foi criado um questionário no formato de escala tipo Likert. O estudo procedeu em três fases: desenvolvimento dos itens do questionário, préteste, construção, validação de constructo e teste de confiabilidade usando análise fatorial, coeficiente alfa de Cronbach e teste t pareado. Resultados Um instrumento com 9 itens foi criado e administrado aos participantes em 3 tempos diferentes: T0, T1 (15 minutos após o término de T0) e T2 (15 dias depois). Todos os itens possuíam validade de conteúdo adequada e a consistência interna do instrumento foi satisfatória (alfa de Cronbach 0,935; intervalo de confiança [IC] 95%: 0,744-0,989; p=0,0001). Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as rodadas de teste, indicando boa confiabilidade teste-reteste. Foi demonstrada uma associação positiva entre maior tempo de uso do WhatsApp para comunicação com pacientes e estresse percebido pelos médicos. Conclusão O WASS demonstra ser um instrumento válido e confiável para avaliar o uso de aplicativos de mensagens para comunicação médico-paciente como agente estressor percebido pelo ginecologista.

Abstract Objective Construction and validation of the WhatsApp Stress Scale (WASS), a questionnaire designed for physicians that measures how the use of smartphones and related software communication applications affects the quality of life of gynecologists who use this tool to communicate with patients. Methods The present cross-sectional observational study analyzed 60 gynecologists according to weekly WhatsApp usage time for communication with patients and compared the data with the perception of the doctor on the use of this virtual interaction as a stressor. Physicians were equally divided into three groups:<2hours, 2 to 5 hours, and>5 hours. The authors created a questionnaire in Likert scale format. The study proceeded in three phases: development of the questionnaire items, pretesting, constructing, and validity and reliability testing using factor analysis, Cronbach α coefficient, and paired t-test. Results A 9-item instrument using a 5-point Likert scale was created and administered to the participants in 3 different times: T0, T1 (15minutes after the end of T0), and T2 (15 days later). All questionnaire items possessed adequate content validity indices and the internal consistency of the instrument was satisfactory (Cronbach α 0.935; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.744-0.989; p=0.0001). No statistically significant differences were observed in the responses between the rounds of testing, indicating good test-retest reliability. A positive association between the high frequency of WhatsApp usage for communication with patients and the stress perceived by the doctor was shown. Conclusion The WASS is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the use of messaging applications to communicate with patients as a stressor perceived by gynecologists.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to translate the techno-stress questionnaire proposed by Ragu Nathan et al into Brazilian Portuguese and to culturally adapt and validate it. For this, 4 of the 11 original questionnaires’ domains were used. METHODS: The questionnaires’ domains translated and adapted were as follows: techno-overload, techno-invasion, techno-complexity, and job satisfaction. Initially, the techno-stress questionnaire was translated into Brazilian Portuguese language according to international standards, followed by cultural adaptations. Validation for feasibility and psychometric properties of translated questionnaire was performed on 138 gynecologists and obstetricians who use message applications to communicate with patients. The physicians were divided into groups according to the weekly messaging application usage time for communication with patients: <2 h (GI, n=89), 2–5 h (GII, n=29), and >5 h (GIII, n=23). The questionnaire was applied to all participants twice on the same day, overseen by two different interviewers, at a 15-min interval. After 15 days, it was readministered. The discriminant validity and reliability were calculated to validate the instrument. RESULTS: Techno-stress subscales showed statistically significant differences between the groups. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the techno-stress questionnaire was >0.80, showing good internal consistency. No differences were observed in the test-retest comparison of the techno-stress questionnaire, and the intraclass correlation coefficient results showed excellent reproducibility (³0.75). CONCLUSION: The techno-stress questionnaire was adequately translated into Brazilian Portuguese, with good discriminant validity, good internal consistency, and adequate test-retest results.

In the present work five acetylene derivatives (1-5), including three unknowns (1, 3 and 4), were isolated from seeds of Porcelia macrocarpa (Annonaceae). The structures of isolated compounds were determined as docos-13-yn-21-enoic acid (1), 3-hydroxy-4-methylene-2-(eicos-11’-yn-19’-enyl)but-2-enolide (2), 3-hydroxy-4-methylene-2-(octadec-9’-yn-17’-enyl)but-2-enolide (3), 3-hydroxy-4-methylene-2-(hexadec-7’-yn-15’-enyl)but-2-enolide (4), and (2S,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-(eicos-11’-yn-19’-enyl)butanolide (5) by analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS) data. Moreover, all isolated compounds demonstrated selectivity towards intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania (L.) infantum, especially 2-4 with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 9.2, 10.4 and 11.0 µM, respectively, indicating superior activity of that determined to positive control miltefosine (IC50 of 17.8 µM). Furthermore, these compounds showed higher selectivity index (SI) in comparison with miltefosine. Since related acetylene fatty acid 1 displayed reduced antiparasitic potential (IC50 of 48.5 µM), the obtained results suggested that the γ-lactone plays an important role in the antileishmanial activity. However, 2-4 exhibited cytotoxicity to mammalian NCTC cells (CC50 ca. 80 µM), which could be a result of the presence of a conjugated carbonyl system in the lactone ring, since 5, the only acetogenin that presents the saturated ring, lacked mammalian cytotoxicity (CC50 > 200 µM).

Resumo Ao longo do século XIX, houve mudanças marcantes na produção científica ilustrada, e a participação das mulheres nesse gênero editorial ocorreu de diferentes modos. Muitas mulheres contribuíram ativamente com as pesquisas científicas. Eram coletoras de plantas, artistas viajantes que percorreram lugares distantes, ilustradoras que estudaram os rígidos postulados da produção científica e que, muitas vezes, exploraram novos métodos de produção de imagens para livros de história natural. Aqui trataremos de três artistas britânicas, Maria Graham, Anna Atkins e Matilda Smith, que viveram em períodos distintos do século XIX e que colaboraram com a produção científica ilustrada alcançando postos de trabalho em periódicos renomados e publicando livros para tradicionais casas editoriais do período.

Abstract Significant changes occurred in scientific illustration and women participated in them in a variety of ways. Many women have actively contributed to scientific research. They were plant collectors, artists who traveled through distant lands and illustrators who studied the strict postulates of science and often explored new methods for producing images for natural history books. In this paper we examine three English artists, Maria Graham, Anna Atkins, and Matilda Smith, who lived in different periods of the 19th century and were employed at renowned journals and publishing houses.

Abstract Titanosaurs are one of the most common dinosaurs found in Cretaceous outcrops, especially in Brazil. In this article we describe a proximal portion of an ulna (Paleo-UFG/V-0039) which was found isolated Paleo-UFG/V-0039 comes from a sandstone outcrop, with fine to medium granulation, of the Marília Formation (Bauru Group) that appears irregularly in the municipality of Gurinhatã, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The occurrence described here is the first dinosaur osteological remains documented in this municipality. Although incomplete, Paleo-UFG/V-0039 could be identified as an indeterminate lithostrotian titanosaur whose morphology is similar to some appendicular elements of European species than South American ones. However, the incompleteness of the specimen has difficult complex interpretations. Finally, Paleo-UFG/V-0039 highlights the importance of the Gurinhatã outcrops and other sites in this region for future discoveries.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS O prolapso de órgãos pélvicos (POP) é uma situação muito frequente em nossa população que pode levar a uma diminuição significativa da qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Atualmente, buscam-se fatores preditivos para o desenvolvimento de POPs e, assim, este estudo correlaciona um polimorfismo de Fibulina 5 (FBLN5) com a ocorrência da doença. MÉTODOS Estudo de coorte com mulheres na pós-menopausa, divididas por grupos pelos estádios 0 e I do POP (grupo controle) e POP III e IV (grupo caso). Posteriormente, análises do polimorfismo genético de FBLN5 foram realizadas utilizando a técnica de Polimorfismo de Comprimento de Fragmentos de Restrição (RFLP). RESULTADOS Um total de 292 mulheres foi incluído no estudo. Gestação, paridade e parto vaginal, como bem descritos na literatura, foram relacionados à ocorrência de POPs na análise univariada. No entanto, após a regressão logística binária, o parto domiciliar e a idade permaneceram como fatores de risco independentes para os POPs. Não encontramos associação deste polimorfismo FBLN5 com a ocorrência de POP (p=0,371). CONCLUSÃO Não houve associação deste polimorfismo FBLN5 com a ocorrência de POPs em mulheres brasileiras.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a very frequent situation in our population that may lead to a significant decrease in patients’ quality of life. Currently, we are looking for predictive factors for the development of POPs; thus, this study seeks to evaluate whether the Fibulin 5 polymorphism (FBLN5) is associated with the occurrence of POP. METHODS This is a cohort study with postmenopausal women who were divided into groups by POP stage: POP stages 0 and I (control group) and POP stages III and IV (case group). Subsequently, analyses of genetic polymorphisms of FBLN5 were performed using the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) technique. RESULTS A total of 292 women were included in the study. Pregnancy, parity and vaginal delivery in the patients, as well as in data described in the literature, were related to the occurrence of POP in the univariate analysis. However, after binary logistic regression, home birth and age remained independent risk factors for POP. We found no association between the FBLN5 polymorphism and the occurrence of POP (p = 0.371). CONCLUSION There was no association between the FBLN5 polymorphism and the occurrence of POP in Brazilian women.

RESUMO O artigo pretende apresentar e discutir o Salão Global da Primavera (SGP) de 1973, realizado em Brasília e Goiânia. A partir de pesquisa documental, entrevistas, depoimentos e registros, mostramos quais agentes e contextos constituem o salão e seu funcionamento. Nesse tocante, defendemos que o SGP contribuiu para a constituição de um sistema das artes na região, inserido numa coligação do Estado com empresas de comunicação presentes no Centro-Oeste. Tomamos, assim, o salão como evento sintoma de uma aproximação entre políticas culturais do momento, a expansão da TV Globo para Brasília (1971) e a institucionalização das artes visuais no Centro-Oeste. Concluímos que o evento responde a demandas distintas nas duas cidades, configurando de modo distinto as cenas brasiliense e goiana.

ABSTRACT The article aims to present and dicuss the Global Spring Salon (GSS) of 1973 that took place at Brasília and Goiânia. Using documental research, interviews, statements and registries we show which agents and contexts constitute the salon and its inner workings. In this regard, we hold that the GSS contributed to the constitution of a system of arts in the region, inserted within a partnership between State and companies from the communication sector at Brazil’s the Center-West. We thus view the Salon as an event synthomatic of an approchement between the time’s cultural policies, the expansion of the Globo television network at Brasília (1971) and the institucionalization of visual arts at the Center-West. We conclude that the event responds to distinct demands at either city, shaping the Brasília and Goiânia scenes differently.

Resumo Objetivo Nem sempre a indução do parto termina emparto vaginal, expondo tanto a mãe quanto o feto aos riscos inerentes ao procedimento de indução, ou a uma possível cesárea. A ultrassonografia transvaginal (UTV) semostrou interessante instrumento na predição da prematuridade e, neste estudo, utilizamos este instrumento na situação inversa: indução do parto no pós-datismo. Métodos Avaliamos variáveis ultrassonográficas do colo uterino (comprimento, presença de afunilamento, dilatação do orifício interno do colo, eco glandular endocervical [EGE] evidente ou não, e alterações morfológicas do colo uterino à compressão fúndica uterina) antes do início da indução em gestantes com pósdatismo, na tentativa de encontrar um possível preditor de falha de indução. O índice de Bishop (IB) também foi utilizado para fins de comparação. Três grupos foram avaliados: indução bem-sucedida x malsucedida; parto vaginal x cesárea (excluindo casos de sofrimento fetal agudo[SFA]); e parto vaginal x cesárea (incluindo casos de SFA). Além disso, um quarto grupo composto apenas pelas primíparas dos outros três grupos também foi avaliado. Resultados Com base em todas as características estudadas e combinações de variáveis, o comprimento do colo uterino ≥ 3,0 cm e IB ≤ 2 foram os melhores preditores em todos os grupos analisados. Conclusão Apesar de a UTV do colo uterino ser um bomexame para rastreamento de indução malsucedida, não deve ser usado para se indicar uma cesariana.

Abstract Objective Labor induction does not always result in vaginal delivery, and can expose both the mother and the fetus to the risks inherent to the induction procedure or a possible cesarean section. Transvaginal sonography (TVS) of the cervix is a useful tool to predict prematurity; in the present study, this tool was used to evaluate postterm induction. Methods We evaluated the ultrasound characteristics of the cervix (cervical length, cervical funneling, internal os dilation, the presence or absence of the cervical gland area [CGA], and the morphological changes of the cervix as a result of applying fundal pressure) before the onset of labor induction among women with postterm pregnancy to identify the possible predictors of failed labor induction. The Bishop score (BS) was used for comparison purposes. Three groups were evaluated: successful versus unsuccessful induction; vaginal delivery versus cesarean delivery (excluding cases of acute fetal distress [AFD]); and vaginal delivery versus cesarean delivery (including cases of AFD). A fourth group including only the primiparous women from the three previous groups was also evaluated. Results Based on the studied characteristics and combinations of variables, a cervical length ≥ 3.0 cm and a BS ≤ 2 were the best predictors of induction failure. Conclusion Although TVS is useful for screening for induction failure, this tool should not be used as an indication for cesarean section.

Meliaceae representatives are economically important in several aspects including the production of highly prized woods (mahogany, cedar, etc.), constituents for cosmetics, and insecticides. The present study aimed to verify the chemical composition as well as leishmanicidal and cytotoxic potential of essential oils from leaves of two different populations of Guarea macrophylla collected at cities of São Paulo (population I) and Cubatão (population II), São Paulo State, Brazil. Chemically, the oils showed the predominance of sesquiterpenes: cis-β-guaiene, bicyclogermacrene, viridiflorol, and isolongifolan-7α-ol from population I and α-copaene, E-caryophyllene, cis-β-guaiene, and γ-amorphene from population II. In vitro antileishmanial activity against promastigote forms of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis of essential oils was evaluated and displayed 50% effective concentration (EC50) values ranging from 11.8 to 20.5 µg mL-1. Furthermore, toxicity against peritoneal macrophages of BALB/c mice was observed, with 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) ranging from 17.7 to > 100 µg mL-1. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed the influence of each constituent of the oils against L. amazonensis being 1,10-di-epi-cubenol, α-amorphene, E-caryophyllene, isopimara-7,15-diene, and β-elemene associated with the antileishmanial potential.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar polimorfismos do gene C-1562T do gene matriz de metaloproteinase 9 (MMP9) como fatores de risco relacionados à ocorrência de prolapsode órgão pélvico(POP)e identificar variáveis clínicas associadas à ocorrência da doença. Estudos epidemiológicos de fatores de risco para POP não explicam por que mulheres nulíparas sem fatores de risco conhecidos também desenvolvemPOP. Portanto, fatores genéticospodem estar envolvidos. Métodos Estudo de coorte com 86 mulheres com POP sintomático (casos) e 158 mulheres sem diagnóstico prévio ou atual deste transtorno (controles). Os grupos foram analisados quanto à presença de polimorfismo do gene MMP9. A genotipagem foi realizada por reação em cadeia da polimerase (RCP) com DNA obtido por punção venosa periférica dos indivíduos em ambos os grupos. Resultados Não houve diferenças entre os casos e controles, mesmo quando agrupamos os genótipos mutantes homozigotos e heterozigotos. A análise de pacientes com ausência completa de POP versus pacientes com POP total também não mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Idade e parto domiciliar foram considerados fatores de risco independentes para o POP. Conclusão Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas no polimorfismo C-1562T do gene MMP9 entre os casos e controles em mulheres brasileiras.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the C-1562T matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) gene polymorphisms as risk factors related to the occurrence of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and to identifytheclinicalvariablesassociatedwith theoccurrenceof thedisease.Epidemiological studies of risk factors for POP do not explain why nulliparous women with no known risk factors also develop POP. Therefore, genetic factors may be involved. Methods Cohort study with 86 women with symptomatic POP (cases), and 158 women withoutapriororcurrentdiagnosisof thisdisorder(controls).Thegroupswereanalyzedfor the presence of MMP9 gene polymorphisms. Genotyping was performed using polymerase chainreaction(PCR)with DNA obtained froma peripheral venouspuncture ofboth groups. Results There were no differences between the cases and controls even when we grouped the mutant homozygous and heterozygous genotypes. The analysis of patients with a complete absence of POP versus patients with total POP also showed no statistically significant differences. Ageand home birth were found to be independent risk factors for POP. Conclusions There were no statistically significant differences in the C-1562T MMP9 polymorphisms between the cases and controls in Brazilian women.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o polimorfismo rs42524 do gene pró-colágeno tipo I alfa (α) 2 (COL1A2) como fator relacionado ao desenvolvimento de prolapso de órgãos pélvicos (POP) em mulheres brasileiras. Métodos O estudo envolveu 112 mulheres com POP nos estádios III e IV (grupo caso) e 180 mulheres com POP nos estádios zero e I (grupo controle). Outros dados clínicos foramobtidos pormeio de entrevistas comas pacientes sobre seu históricomédico, e o sangue das voluntárias também foi coletado para extração de DNA genômico. A região promotora do gene COL1A2 contendo o polimorfismo rs42524 foi amplificada, e a discriminação entre as variantes G e C foi realizada por digestão dos produtos de reação em cadeia da polimerase (RCP) com a enzima MspA1I, seguida de análise por eletroforese em gel de agarose. Resultados Foram analisadas 292 mulheres. No grupo caso, 71 tinham o genótipo G/G, 33 tinham o genótipo G/C, e 7 tinham o genótipo C/C. Por sua vez, a relação no grupo controle foi de 117 G/G, 51 G/C e 11 C/C. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Conclusão Nossos dados não mostraram associação do polimorfismo do gene COL1A2 com a ocorrência de POP.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the rs42524 polymorphism of the procollagen type I alpha (α) 2 (COL1A2) gene as a factor related to the development of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in Brazilian women. Methods The present study involved 112 women with POP stages III and IV (case group) and 180 women with POP stages zero and I (control group). Other clinical data were obtained by interviewing the patients about their medical history, and blood was also collected from the volunteers for the extraction of genomic DNA. The promoter region of the COL1A2 gene containing the rs42524 polymorphism was amplified, and the discrimination between the G and C variants was performed by digestion of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products with the MspA1I enzyme followed by agarose gel electrophoresis analysis. Results A total of 292 women were analyzed. In the case group, 71 had the G/G genotype, 33 had the G/C genotype, and 7 had the C/C genotype. In turn, the ratio in the control group was 117 G/G, 51 G/C, and 11 C/C. There were no significant differences between the groups. Conclusion Our data did not show an association between the COL1A2 polymorphism and the occurrence of POP.

Resumen: Pode a Constituição se curar? O que persegue o presente artigo é a resposta sobre como lidar com as ofensas perpetradas em face da Constituição que se construam sobre situações fáticas consolidadas. Muitas vezes a simples declaração de inconstitucionalidade, seja desde o início, na teoria da nulidade, seja para o futuro, na teoria da anulabilidade, ou seja, em conjugação de ambos, com a modulação temporal de efeitos, não apresentará respostas positivas à ofensa constitucional. Ao contrário, o reconhecimento de inconstitucionalidade, ainda que para o futuro, poderá gerar efeitos mais danosos econômica, política, social e juridicamente do que a manutenção do ato ofensivo. Algumas vezes, a teoria da constitucionalização superveniente poderá responder adequadamente, com a mudança do paradigma constitucional. Mas o que fazer quando a Constituição sequer é alterada? A metodologia para o desenvolvimento do trabalho é eminentemente bibliográfica e jurisprudencial.

Abstract: Can the Constitution be healed? The aim of this article is the answer on how to deal with offenses committed in the face of the Constitution which are built on consolidated factual situations. Often the simple declaration of unconstitutionality, either from the beginning, the theory of nullity, or for the future, in annullability theory, or in conjunction both with the temporal modulation effects will not show positive responses to the constitutional offense. On the other hand, the recognition of unconstitutionality, although for the future, could lead to more harmful economic, political, social and legal effects than maintaining the offensive act. Sometimes the theory of constitutionalising supervening can respond appropriately, with the change of the constitutional paradigm. But what to do when the Constitution is even changed? The methodology for the development work is eminently literature and case law.

Resumo Objetivo Estudos epidemiológicos têm mostrado evidências da influência dos hormônios sexuais na patogênese do câncer de mama, e têm sugerido uma relação entre a doença e variações em genes envolvidos na síntese e/ou metabolização de estrógenos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a associação entre o polimorfismo do gene CYP3A4*1B (rs2740574) e o risco de desenvolvimento da neoplasia mamária. Métodos No presente estudo de caso-controle, a frequência de polimorfismo do gene CYP3A4*1B foi determinada em 148 mulheres com câncer de mama, e em 245 mulheres sem a doença. O DNA das participantes foi extraído do plasma, e o gene foi amplificado por meio de reação em cadeia da polimerase, enquanto o polimorfismo foi determinado por enzimas de restrição. Resultados O polimorfismo, após o ajuste para variáveis de confusão, não foi associado à ocorrência de câncer de mama (razão de possibilidades = 1,151; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,714–1,856; p= 0,564). Também não observamos associação com a presença de receptores hormonais, superexpressão do receptor tipo 2 do fator de crescimento epidérmico humano (HER2, na sigla em inglês), ou com a taxa de proliferação celular do tumor. Conclusão Não observamos relação entre o polimorfismo do gene CYP3A4*1B e a ocorrência de câncer de mama.

Abstract Objective Epidemiological studies have shown evidence of the effect of sex hormones in the pathogenesis of breast cancer, and have suggested a relationship of the disease with variations in genes involved in estrogen synthesis and/or metabolism. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between the CYP3A4*1B gene polymorphism (rs2740574) and the risk of developing breast cancer. Methods In the present case-control study, the frequency of the CYP3A4*1B gene polymorphism was determined in 148 women with breast cancer and in 245 women without the disease. The DNA of the participants was extracted from plasma samples, and the gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The presence of the polymorphism was determined using restriction enzymes. Results After adjusting for confounding variables, we have found that the polymorphism was not associated with the occurrence of breast cancer (odds ratio = 1.151; 95% confidence interval: 0.714–1.856; p= 0.564). We have also found no association with the presence of hormone receptors, with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression, or with the rate of tumor cell proliferation. Conclusion We have not observed a relationship between the CYP3A4*1B gene polymorphism and the occurrence of breast cancer.